Avanzamos en salud gracias a la aplicación salud infantil papi: programa de actividades preventivas de la infancia y adolescencia / We advance in health thanks to the PAPI children's health application

Introducción: La estructura familiar y la crianza están cambiando en la sociedad, se incrementa el sedentarismo, el uso de pantallas y de redes sociales. Las familias y los profesionales sanitarios deben aprender a educar, adaptando sus consejos de salud al nuevo entorno social y digital. Material y métodos: Para renovar el Programa de Salud Infantil (PSI) de la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap) se envió una encuesta a los representantes de más de 5.000 pediatras. Se incorporaron aportaciones de los programas preventivos de Andalucía, Baleares y Asturias. Se distribuyeron las diferentes intervenciones y consejos en 9 grupos etarios. Resultados: Parte de las recomendaciones están basadas en el trabajo del grupo PrevInfad, llevadas a cabo con metodología de medicina basada en la evidencia, mediante la evaluación y la síntesis de la evidencia de las actividades preventivas propuestas. La AEPap considera que el PSI debe realizarse por el equipo de pediatría: pediatra y enfermera/o, potenciándose así las competencias específicas. La OMS considera primordial empoderar a las personas, familias y comunidades para que optimicen su salud al convertirlas en cuidadoras de sí mismas y de otros, dotándolas de herramientas que protegen el bienestar. Conclusiones: Por todo ello se decide plasmar el PSI en formato de app para dispositivos móviles gratuita, como método innovador y asequible de divulgación de salud infantojuvenil. Se informa sobre consejos de crianza para los familiares, para los niños/as y adolescentes y describe las revisiones de salud para los sanitarios. (AU)

Introduction: The family structure and parenting are changing in society, sedentary lifestyle, the use of screens and social networks is increasing. Families and health professionals must learn to educate, adapting their health advice to the new social and digital environment. Materials and methods: A survey was sent to the representatives of more than 5000 paediatricians to renew the Well Child Visits Program of the Spanish Association of Primary Care Paediatrics (AEPap). Contributions from preventive programs from Andalusia, the Balearic Islands and Asturias were incorporated. The different interventions and advice were distributed in nine age groups. Results: Part of the recommendations are based on the work of the PrevInfad group. It uses the methodology of evidence-based medicine and performs the evaluation and synthesis of the evidence in the proposed preventive activities. The AEPap considers that the Well Child Program should be carried out by the paediatric team: the paediatrician and the nurse, thus enhancing specific skills. The WHO considers it is essential to empower individuals, families, and communities to optimize their health by making them caretakers of themselves and others, equipping them with tools that protect their well-being. Conclusions: Hence, it was decided to capture the Well Child Program in the format of a free APP for mobile devices, as an innovative and affordable method of disseminating child and adolescent health. Information is given on parenting advice for family members, for children and adolescents and describes health check-ups for health workers. (AU)

We advance in health thanks to the PAPI children's health application.

INTRODUCTION: The family structure and parenting are changing in society, sedentary lifestyle, the use of screens and social networks is increasing. Families and health professionals must learn to educate, adapting their health advice to the new social and digital environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey was sent to the representatives of more than 5000 paediatricians to renew the Well Child Visits Programme of the Spanish Association of Primary Care Paediatrics (AEPap). Contributions from preventive programmes from Andalusia, the Balearic Islands and Asturias were incorporated. The different interventions and advice were distributed in nine age groups. RESULTS: Part of the recommendations are based on the work of the PrevInfad group. It uses the methodology of evidence-based medicine and performs the evaluation and synthesis of the evidence in the proposed preventive activities. The AEPap considers that the Well Child Programme should be carried out by the paediatric team: the paediatrician and the nurse, thus enhancing specific skills. The WHO considers it essential to empower individuals, families, and communities to optimize their health by making them caretakers of themselves and others, equipping them with tools that protect their well-being. CONCLUSION: Hence, it was decided to capture the Well Child Programme in the format of a free APP for mobile devices, as an innovative and affordable method of disseminating child and adolescent health. Information is given on parenting advice for family members, for children and adolescents and describes health check-ups for health workers.

COVID-19 in children: clinical and epidemiological spectrum in the community.

Most publications on pediatric COVID-19 in Spain were performed at the beginning of the pandemic when some diagnostic tools were not widely available. This study aims to show the real spectrum of the infection based on wide detection of cases due to symptoms and contact tracing. A descriptive and analytical observational study was performed including pediatric cases (0 to 14 years) from the region of Aragón between May 12 and October 31, 2020. Diagnostics was by PCR detection of viral RNA, rapid antigen detection test, or positive IgG serology. There were 5933 positive children included. Of them, 49.03% were women. The mean age was 7.53 ± 4.28 years. The source of infection could not be determined in 17.8% of cases. As for the rest, was determined to be within the family environment in 67.8%. The percentage of asymptomatic patients was 50.3%. Among symptomatic patients, fever (58.1%) and cough (46.7%) were the most frequent symptoms. Hospitalization was required in 0.52% of infected, intensive care unit admission was on 0.05%, and there was one death (0.02%). Children under the age of one presented some symptoms more frequently (71.6% vs 48.5%; OR 2.68; 95% CI 2.08 to 3.45; p < 0.001) and required more hospitalizations (3.9% vs 0.34%; OR 11.52; 95% CI 5.65 to 23.52; p < 0.001).Conclusion: In our environment, SARS-CoV-2 infection is like other mild respiratory viral infections in the population under the age of 15. The contagion occurs mainly in the family environment, the number of asymptomatic is high, being the symptoms mild and the complications very infrequent. What is Known: • Pediatric infection produced by SARS-CoV-2 has manifested as a mild disease in relation to adult age, although with higher affectation at the youngest ages. • Nearly all studies on epidemiology and clinical spectrum of the disease were conducted with patients diagnosed at the beginning of the pandemic. By then, diagnostic tools were only available in hospitals and in emergency units. What is New: • Once diagnostic means were available in primary care medicine and were used not only for the diagnosis of clinical symptoms of the patient, but for the tracing of case contacts, a much more precise approach to the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of the disease was allowed, as described in this study.

Cribado de la hipoacusia (parte 1) / Hearing loss screening (part 1)

El proceso por el que aprendemos y desarrollamos el lenguaje de forma natural es a través de la audición. La hipoacusia en la primera infancia limitará los estímulos auditivos y afectará significativamente al desarrollo del lenguaje y el habla, además de restringir el vínculo con el mundo que nos rodea. En los lactantes y niños pequeños, la detección y el tratamiento precoces de la hipoacusia pueden mejorar los resultados lingüísticos y escolares. En ausencia de cribado, la edad media a la que se confirma el diagnóstico de hipoacusia congénita en niños sin factores de riesgo está en torno a los 2-3 años. Los programas de cribado auditivo neonatal universal se han extendido ampliamente a pesar de la falta de pruebas sólidas que avalen su eficacia y coste-efectividad. En el presente trabajo, que se ha dividido en dos partes, el autor expone el tema de forma exhaustiva, con sus controversias y claroscuros, para finalmente pronunciarse sobre recomendaciones que el grupo PrevInfad ha consensuado para la consulta de los pediatras en Atención Primaria

The process of learning and developing our language in a natural way is through hearing. Infancy hearing loss will limit auditory stimuli and will significantly harm language and speech development and will narrow the bonds with the world around. In infants and small children, early hearing loss detection and treatment can improve language and school performance. In the absence of screening, medium age of congenital hearing loss diagnosis in children without risk factors is around 2-3 years. Universal new-born hearing screening has spread widely despite the lack of solid evidence supporting its effectivity and cost- efficiency. In this paper, that has been divided in two parts, the author thoroughly describes the topic, with its controversy and nuances, and finally declares on the recommendations that PrevInfad group have agreed for primary care paediatricians

Detección precoz de los trastornos del desarrollo (parte 2): trastornos del espectro autista / Early detection of developmental disorders (part 2): autistic spectrum disorders

El autismo o trastorno del espectro autista es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo de base genética que consiste en la afectación de dos ejes mayores de la conducta: comunicación e interacción social y patrones de conducta repetitivos con intereses restrictivos. El cribado masivo de los trastornos del espectro autista para población de bajo riesgo daría lugar a un valor predictivo positivo estimado en nuestro medio de alrededor del 38%, con un exceso de derivación a servicios especializados y efecto de etiquetado sobre los pacientes. Se considera más adecuado el cribado en población de riesgo o ante la sospecha por parte de padres o profesionales. Recomendaciones de PrevInfad: 1) se sugiere no hacer cribado universal con escalas de tipo M-CHAT y variantes; 2) se propone hacer cribado con escalas tipo M-CHAT/R/F en individuos de alto riesgo

Autism or autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopment disorder, genetically based, that affects the two major exes of behaviour: communication and social interaction and repetitive patrons of behaviour with restrictive interests. ASD mass screening, in a low risk population, would produce a low positive predictive value of around 38%, with an excess of referrals to specialised services and label effect on patients. Screening on population at risk or under parents or professionals concern is considered more appropriate. PrevInfad recommendations: 1) we suggest not to do universal screening using scales such as M-CHAT and variations; 2) we recommend doing screening using scales such as M-CHAT to high risk individuals

Resumen infancia y adolescencia. Actualización PAPPS 2018 / No disponible

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Gastroenteritis aguda bacteriana: 729 casos reclutados por una red nacional de atención primaria / Acute bacterial gastroenteritis: 729 cases recruited by a Primary Care national network

Objetivo: Conocer las principales características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la gastroenteritis bacteriana pediátrica en nuestro medio. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional en el ámbito de la población española. Recogida de encuestas durante un año de niños con coprocultivo positivo a bacterias. Análisis bivariado y 2 modelos multivariantes (para las variables tratamiento antibiótico, y comparación Campylobacter/Salmonella). Resultados: Un total de 729 episodios de gastroenteritis bacteriana en las 17 comunidades autónomas (41,2% mujeres y 58,8% varones). La mediana de la edad fue 3,41 años (rango intercuartílico 1,55 a 6,72). El 59,9% de los aislamientos fueron Campylobacter, el 31,8% Salmonella no tifoidea, el 2,7% Aeromonas, el 2,5% Yersinia y más de un germen el 1,5%. La mayoría de contagios (70%) son directos, y la intoxicación alimentaria es más improbable (25,9%). Salmonella es significativamente menos frecuente que Campylobacter en menores de 3 años (OR ajustada: 0,61; IC95%: 0,43 a 0,86; p = 0,005), y Campylobacter es más habitual en el medio rural (OR ajustada 1,48; IC95%: 1,07 a 2,07; p = 0,012). Se indicó antibiótico en el 33,2% de los casos, significativamente más si hubo productos patológicos en heces (OR ajustada: 1,53; IC95%: 1,04 a 2,27; p=0,031), duró más de 7 días (OR ajustada: 2,81; IC95%: 2,01 a 3,93; p<0,000), o se hospitalizó (OR ajustada: 1,95; IC95%: 1,08 a 3,52; p=0,027). Conclusiones: La etiología de la diarrea bacteriana pediátrica es la propia de un país desarrollado. El mecanismo de contagio es principalmente directo, y se tratan con antibióticos más casos de los que parecería recomendable (AU)

Objective: To determine the main clinical and epidemiological features of bacterial gastroenteritis in our environment. Patients and methods: An observational study of a Spanish population in 17 Autonomous Communities. Questionnaires of children with a stool positive culture to bacteria were collected over a one year period. A bivariate analysis was performed on the variables involved, as well as two multivariate models (for antibiotic treatment variables, and comparison Campylobacter/Salmonella). Results: A total of 729 bacterial gastroenteritis episodes were recorded in the 17 Spanish autonomous regions, of which 41.2% were girls and 58.8% boys. The median age was 3.41 years old (interquartile range 1.55 to 6.72). The bacteria isolated were 59.9% Campylobacter, 31.8% non-Typhi Salmonella, 2.7% Aeromonas, 2.4% Yersinia, and 1.5% had more than one strain. Most infections (70%) were direct contacts, and food poisoning was less probable (25.9%). Salmonella is significantly less frequent than Campylobacter in children under the age of 3 years (adjusted OR 0.61; 95%CI: 0.43 to 0.86; P=.005), and Campylobacter is more frequent in rural areas (adjusted OR 1.48; 95%CI: 1.07 to 2.07; P=.012). Antibiotic was prescribed in 33.2% of cases. There was a greater significant difference if stools contained blood or mucus (adjusted OR 1.53; 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.27; P = .031), if the symptoms lasted more than 7days (adjusted OR 2.81; 95% CI: 2.01 to 3.93; P < .000), or if the child was admitted to hospital (adjusted OR 1.95; 95% CI: 1.08 to 3.52; P = .027). Conclusions: The aetiology of bacterial diarrhoea in paediatrics is typical of that of a developed country. The transmission mechanism is mainly direct, and more cases than appropriate are treated with antibiotics (AU)

[Acute bacterial gastroenteritis: 729 cases recruited by a Primary Care national network]. / Gastroenteritis aguda bacteriana: 729 casos reclutados por una red nacional de atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the main clinical and epidemiological features of bacterial gastroenteritis in our environment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational study of a Spanish population in 17 Autonomous Communities. Questionnaires of children with a stool positive culture to bacteria were collected over a one year period. A bivariate analysis was performed on the variables involved, as well as two multivariate models (for antibiotic treatment variables, and comparison Campylobacter/Salmonella). RESULTS: A total of 729 bacterial gastroenteritis episodes were recorded in the 17 Spanish autonomous regions, of which 41.2% were girls and 58.8% boys. The median age was 3.41 years old (interquartile range 1.55 to 6.72). The bacteria isolated were 59.9% Campylobacter, 31.8% non-Typhi Salmonella, 2.7% Aeromonas, 2.4% Yersinia, and 1.5% had more than one strain. Most infections (70%) were direct contacts, and food poisoning was less probable (25.9%). Salmonella is significantly less frequent than Campylobacter in children under the age of 3 years (adjusted OR 0.61; 95%CI: 0.43 to 0.86; P=.005), and Campylobacter is more frequent in rural areas (adjusted OR 1.48; 95%CI: 1.07 to 2.07; P=.012). Antibiotic was prescribed in 33.2% of cases. There was a greater significant difference if stools contained blood or mucus (adjusted OR 1.53; 95%CI: 1.04 to 2.27; P=.031), if the symptoms lasted more than 7days (adjusted OR 2.81; 95%CI: 2.01 to 3.93; P<.000), or if the child was admitted to hospital (adjusted OR 1.95; 95%CI: 1.08 to 3.52; P=.027). CONCLUSIONS: The aetiology of bacterial diarrhoea in paediatrics is typical of that of a developed country. The transmission mechanism is mainly direct, and more cases than appropriate are treated with antibiotics.

Programa de la infancia y la adolescencia / Child and adolescent program

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